The Impact of Climate Change on Infectious Diseases in Urban Areas: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Urban areas, characterized by high population density, interconnected infrastructure, and socioeconomic disparities, are particularly vulnerable to the amplified effects of climate change. The altered climatic conditions, including increased temperatures, extreme precipitation events, and sea-level rise, significantly impact the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases. This review synthesizes current literature to explore the multifaceted relationship between climate change and infectious disease emergence and spread in urban settings. We examine the specific impacts on vector-borne, waterborne, foodborne, and zoonotic diseases, considering the unique urban context. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges in disease surveillance, modeling, and adaptation strategies, highlighting the need for integrated, multidisciplinary approaches to mitigate the health risks posed by climate change in urban environments.